Description

Bluetooth is the umbrella radio-protocol family operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. In thesis-relevant work the relevant subset is ble (Bluetooth Low Energy), which is the version actually deployed for indoor localization, beacons, and the BLE-calibration architecture proposed in the thesis. This entry exists to canonicalise generic mentions and the awkward BTLE alias that some early-2010s papers use ambiguously between Classic and LE.

Specs / capabilities

  • 2.4 GHz ISM band (2.402-2.480 GHz)
  • Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)
  • Two physical layers: Classic BR/EDR (legacy, voice / streaming) and BLE (low-power, advertisement-driven)
  • Mesh, GATT, GAP profiles defined per generation

Tooling

  • See ble for sensing-relevant tooling

Used by (papers)

  • Generic positioning term; resolve to ble for indoor sensing context

16 vault papers run on this hardwar

Titles and DOIs only — no abstracts, no analyses.

  • Wi-CaL: WiFi Sensing and Machine Learning Based Device-Free Crowd Counting and Localization 2022 DOI ↗
  • Cross-Domain WiFi Sensing with Channel State Information: A Survey 2023 DOI ↗
  • Internet of Things for Smart Cities 2014 DOI ↗
  • A survey on Internet of Things architectures 2018 DOI ↗
  • Human Sensing by Using Radio Frequency Signals: A Survey on Occupancy and Activity Detection 2023 DOI ↗
  • Accurate occupancy estimation with WiFi and bluetooth/BLE packet capture 2019 DOI ↗
  • A Survey on Fusion-Based Indoor Positioning 2020 DOI ↗
  • VICount: Device-free Crowd Counting System Using WiFi Signals 2025 DOI ↗
  • A low-cost automatic people-counting system at bus stops using Wi-Fi probe requests and deep learning 2025 DOI ↗
  • M3BAT: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Multimodal Mobile Sensing with Multi-Branch Adversarial Training 2024 DOI ↗
  • Bluetooth-Based Vehicle Counting: Bridging the Gap to Ground-Truth With Machine Learning 2023 DOI ↗
  • Edge-Based Real-Time Occupancy Detection System through a Non-Intrusive Sensing System 2023 DOI ↗
  • Modeling spatial patterns in a moving crowd of people using data-driven approach—A concept of Interplay Floor Field 2023 DOI ↗
  • Data collection methods for studying pedestrian behaviour: A systematic review 2021 DOI ↗
  • A Privacy-Aware Crowd Management System for Smart Cities and Smart Buildings 2020 DOI ↗
  • A Survey of Techniques for Automatically Sensing the Behavior of a Crowd 2019 DOI ↗