LPWAN Energy Efficiency IoT

Low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies and energy-efficient communication protocols for IoT applications form the core focus, encompassing standards such as LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, and DASH7 alongside MAC-layer and header compression schemes like SCHC and 6LoWPAN. The work spans surveys, protocol comparisons, and lifetime estimation methods aimed at maximizing battery longevity and network scalability across smart city and mobile IoT deployments.