IoT Architecture Protocols Survey

Internet of Things (IoT) architectures, protocols, and enabling technologies form the core focus, examining how devices, networks, and platforms interconnect to support applications such as smart cities. Methods surveyed span hardware and software platforms, operating systems, routing protocols, MAC-layer standards (including IEEE 802.11ax), and lightweight authentication schemes for securing IoT services. A recurring concern is addressing the practical challenges of deploying scalable, secure, and efficient IoT systems across diverse application domains.