Heterogeneous WSN Routing Protocols

Energy-efficient routing and clustering protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) form the core problem, addressed through protocol design and formal modeling methods. A significant sub-theme involves applying formal modeling techniques—particularly Petri nets and SysML—to analyze, verify, and evaluate the performance of WSN and IoT systems. The work spans both practical protocol improvements (such as SEP variants and multilevel heterogeneous routing) and rigorous methodological frameworks for system specification and transformation.