ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication standard designed for short-range personal area networks, operating primarily in the 2.4 GHz band and supporting mesh, star, and tree network topologies. In the context of indoor positioning and IoT sensing, it is valued for its minimal energy consumption, low cost, and suitability for dense sensor deployments, making it a practical hardware choice for location-aware and environment-monitoring applications where battery longevity is critical. Key variants and roles include its use as a foundational physical and MAC layer protocol upon which higher-level IoT frameworks are built, and its deployment alongside other technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth in fusion-based positioning systems to improve localization accuracy through complementary signal characteristics.
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